Panchang in Pāthardi, Maharashtra Wed 2 Dec 1981

The Moon gains on the Sun about 12° a day. Each 12° of lead is one tithi: 48°–60° is the 5th, Shukla Panchami. A day takes the tithi in force at its sunrise, 06:46 here. Chaturthi ended at 06:09 Tue, before it. Panchami ends at 08:00, when the lead reaches 60°. The lead passed 0° at the new moon of 26 Nov, so the Moon is waxing: Shukla paksha.

A day takes the tithi in force at its sunrise. Panchami began at 06:09 Tue, before sunrise at 06:46 Tue, and ends at 08:00, after the next sunrise at 06:46. Both days read Panchami: it is a vriddhi tithi here.

The night of Tue 1 Dec ran from sunset 17:50 Tue to sunrise 06:46, 12 h 56 m. Cut into 15 muhurtas of 51 m, its 14th is Brahma Muhurta, the one before the last.

Daylight here, 06:46 to 17:50, splits into 8 choghadiyas of 1 h 23 m. Their names follow a fixed order that starts from the weekday, and each name is counted good, neutral or bad.

The night here, 17:50 to 06:47 Thu, splits into 8 choghadiyas of 1 h 37 m. Their names follow a fixed order that starts from the weekday, and each name is counted good, neutral or bad.

The fixed stars divide the Moon's path into 27 nakshatras of 13°20′, each in 4 padas of 3°20′. Shravana spans 280°00′–293°20′; the Moon entered its pada 2 at 283°20′. It leaves at 21:49, for Dhanishtha.

Add the Sun's and the Moon's places among the stars: 226.2° + 285.6° = 511.8°, one full turn and 151.8°. Past the turn, cut into 27 parts of 13°20′, it gives the yoga: 146°40′–160°00′ is the 12th, Dhruva. It ends at 21:34, then Vyaghata.

A karana is half a tithi: 6° of the Moon's lead, so the first half of Panchami is Bava and the second Balava. Bava ended at 19:08 Tue, when the lead reached 54°; Balava runs until 08:00.

A Hindu day runs from one sunrise to the next, not midnight to midnight. This one runs 06:46 to 06:47 Thu, so the hours after midnight still belong to Budhawara.

An amanta month runs from new moon to new moon and takes its name from the rashi the Sun is in at the new moon that begins it: Vrishchika gives Margashirsha. The Sun enters Dhanu on 15 Dec, inside the month. The next new moon, 26 Dec, finds it in Dhanu and begins Pausha.

A purnimanta month runs from full moon to full moon, so its waning half comes first. It shares its name with the amanta month that its second half falls in: the new moon of 26 Nov, with the Sun in Vrishchika, began Margashirsha. This Shukla paksha reads Margashirsha in both counts.

A samvat year begins with Chaitra, the month whose new moon finds the Sun in Meena: 5 Apr 1981, 01:49 Sun. Since then the Sun has moved 234.8° round the stars. Vikram Samvat numbers that year 2038; Shaka Samvat numbers it 1903.