Panchang in Pāthardi, Maharashtra Sat 31 Jul 1909

The Moon gains on the Sun about 12° a day. Each 12° of lead is one tithi: 144°–156° is the 13th, Shukla Trayodashi. A day takes the tithi in force at its sunrise, 06:04 here. Dwadashi ended at 08:32 Fri, before it. Trayodashi ends at 07:14, when the lead reaches 156°. The lead passed 0° at the new moon of 17 Jul, so the Moon is waxing: Shukla paksha.

A day takes the tithi in force at its sunrise. Chaturdashi began at 07:14 and ended at 05:15 Sun, between the sunrises of 06:04 and 06:05 Sun. Saturday reads Trayodashi and Sunday reads Purnima: Chaturdashi is a kshaya tithi here.

The night of Fri 30 Jul ran from sunset 19:06 Fri to sunrise 06:04, 10 h 58 m. Cut into 15 muhurtas of 43 m, its 14th is Brahma Muhurta, the one before the last.

Daylight here, 06:04 to 19:05, splits into 8 choghadiyas of 1 h 37 m. Their names follow a fixed order that starts from the weekday, and each name is counted good, neutral or bad.

The night here, 19:05 to 06:05 Sun, splits into 8 choghadiyas of 1 h 22 m. Their names follow a fixed order that starts from the weekday, and each name is counted good, neutral or bad.

The fixed stars divide the Moon's path into 27 nakshatras of 13°20′, each in 4 padas of 3°20′. Purva Ashadha spans 253°20′–266°40′; the Moon entered its pada 2 at 256°40′. It leaves at 17:40, for Uttara Ashadha.

Add the Sun's and the Moon's places among the stars: 104.6° + 259.9° = 364.5°, one full turn and 4.5°. Past the turn, cut into 27 parts of 13°20′, it gives the yoga: 0°00′–13°20′ is the 1st, Vishkambha. It ends at 20:17, then Priti.

A karana is half a tithi: 6° of the Moon's lead, so the first half of Trayodashi is Kaulava and the second Taitila. Kaulava ended at 19:58 Fri, when the lead reached 150°; Taitila runs until 07:14.

A Hindu day runs from one sunrise to the next, not midnight to midnight. This one runs 06:04 to 06:05 Sun, so the hours after midnight still belong to Shaniwara.

A month normally holds one sankranti, the Sun's entry into a new rashi. From 17 Jul 16:14 Sat to 16 Aug 05:24 Mon the Sun stayed in Karka, entering Simha at 16 Aug 08:35 Mon, after the new moon. A month with no sankranti is Adhika Shravana, before Shravana itself.

A purnimanta month runs from full moon to full moon, so its waning half comes first. It shares its name with the amanta month that its second half falls in: the new moon of 17 Jul, with the Sun in Karka, began Shravana (Adhik). This Shukla paksha reads Shravana (Adhik) in both counts.

A samvat year begins with Chaitra, the month whose new moon finds the Sun in Meena: 22 Mar 1909, 01:41 Mon. Since then the Sun has moved 126.6° round the stars. Vikram Samvat numbers that year 1966; Shaka Samvat numbers it 1831.