Panchang in Ipameri, Goiás, Brazil Sat 1 May 2021

The Moon gains on the Sun about 12° a day. Each 12° of lead is one tithi: 228°–240° is the 20th, Krishna Panchami. A day takes the tithi in force at its sunrise, 06:26 here. Chaturthi ended at 10:40 Fri, before it. Panchami ends at 08:11, when the lead reaches 240°. The lead passed 180° at the full moon of 27 Apr, so the Moon is waning: Krishna paksha.

A day takes the tithi in force at its sunrise. Shashthi began at 08:11 and ended at 06:20 Sun, between the sunrises of 06:26 and 06:26 Sun. Saturday reads Panchami and Sunday reads Saptami: Shashthi is a kshaya tithi here.

The night of Fri 30 Apr ran from sunset 17:53 Fri to sunrise 06:26, 12 h 33 m. Cut into 15 muhurtas of 50 m, its 14th is Brahma Muhurta, the one before the last.

Daylight here, 06:26 to 17:53, splits into 8 choghadiyas of 1 h 25 m. Their names follow a fixed order that starts from the weekday, and each name is counted good, neutral or bad.

The night here, 17:53 to 06:26 Sun, splits into 8 choghadiyas of 1 h 34 m. Their names follow a fixed order that starts from the weekday, and each name is counted good, neutral or bad.

The fixed stars divide the Moon's path into 27 nakshatras of 13°20′, each in 4 padas of 3°20′. Purva Ashadha spans 253°20′–266°40′; the Moon entered its pada 1 at 253°20′. It leaves at 00:28 Sun, for Uttara Ashadha.

Add the Sun's and the Moon's places among the stars: 17.1° + 256.1° = 273.2°. The sum, cut into 27 parts of 13°20′, gives the yoga: 266°40′–280°00′ is the 21st, Siddha. It ends at 17:17, then Sadhya.

A karana is half a tithi: 6° of the Moon's lead, so the first half of Panchami is Kaulava and the second Taitila. Kaulava ended at 21:21 Fri, when the lead reached 234°; Taitila runs until 08:11.

A Hindu day runs from one sunrise to the next, not midnight to midnight. This one runs 06:26 to 06:26 Sun, so the hours after midnight still belong to Shaniwara.

An amanta month runs from new moon to new moon and takes its name from the rashi the Sun is in at the new moon that begins it: Meena gives Chaitra. The Sun enters Mesha on 13 Apr, inside the month. The next new moon, 11 May, finds it in Mesha and begins Vaishakha.

A purnimanta month runs from full moon to full moon, so its waning half comes first. It shares its name with the amanta month that its second half falls in: the new moon of 11 May, with the Sun in Mesha, begins Vaishakha. Until then this Krishna paksha reads Vaishakha here, and Chaitra in the amanta count.

A samvat year begins with Chaitra, the month whose new moon finds the Sun in Meena: 11 Apr 2021, 23:30 Sun. Since then the Sun has moved 18.8° round the stars. Vikram Samvat numbers that year 2078; Shaka Samvat numbers it 1943.