Panchang in Ipameri, Goiás, Brazil Mon 13 Jan 1919

The Sun enters Makara at 19:56, after sunset (18:54) but within 3 ghatis of it. The Dharmasindhu then keeps the punya kala on that day: Mon 13 Jan.

Makar Sankranti: every date in Ipameri

Shiva’s Pradosh puja is done in pradosha, the 3 muhurtas after sunset. Trayodashi runs from 10:33 on Mon 13 Jan to 08:40 on Tue 14 Jan, so only Monday’s pradosha (18:54–21:05) falls within it. No text giving Pradosh Vrat’s time was found; pradosha is Tithika’s convention.

Pradosh Vrat: every date in Ipameri

The Moon gains on the Sun about 12° a day. Each 12° of lead is one tithi: 132°–144° is the 12th, Shukla Dwadashi. A day takes the tithi in force at its sunrise, 05:48 here. Ekadashi ended at 12:34 Sun, before it. Dwadashi ends at 10:33, when the lead reaches 144°. The lead passed 0° at the new moon of 2 Jan, so the Moon is waxing: Shukla paksha.

The night of Sun 12 Jan ran from sunset 18:54 Sun to sunrise 05:48, 10 h 54 m. Cut into 15 muhurtas of 43 m, its 14th is Brahma Muhurta, the one before the last.

Daylight here, 05:48 to 18:54, splits into 8 choghadiyas of 1 h 38 m. Their names follow a fixed order that starts from the weekday, and each name is counted good, neutral or bad.

The night here, 18:54 to 05:49 Tue, splits into 8 choghadiyas of 1 h 21 m. Their names follow a fixed order that starts from the weekday, and each name is counted good, neutral or bad.

The fixed stars divide the Moon's path into 27 nakshatras of 13°20′, each in 4 padas of 3°20′. Rohini spans 40°00′–53°20′; the Moon entered its pada 4 at 50°. It leaves at 10:05, for Mrigashira.

Add the Sun's and the Moon's places among the stars: 269.4° + 50.8° = 320.2°. The sum, cut into 27 parts of 13°20′, gives the yoga: 320°00′–333°20′ is the 25th, Brahma. It ends at 02:41 Tue, then Indra.

A karana is half a tithi: 6° of the Moon's lead, so the first half of Dwadashi is Bava and the second Balava. Bava ended at 23:32 Sun, when the lead reached 138°; Balava runs until 10:33.

A Hindu day runs from one sunrise to the next, not midnight to midnight. This one runs 05:48 to 05:49 Tue, so the hours after midnight still belong to Somawara.

An amanta month runs from new moon to new moon and takes its name from the rashi the Sun is in at the new moon that begins it: Dhanu gives Pausha. The Sun enters Makara on 13 Jan, inside the month. The next new moon, 31 Jan, finds it in Makara and begins Magha.

A purnimanta month runs from full moon to full moon, so its waning half comes first. It shares its name with the amanta month that its second half falls in: the new moon of 2 Jan, with the Sun in Dhanu, began Pausha. This Shukla paksha reads Pausha in both counts.

A samvat year begins with Chaitra, the month whose new moon finds the Sun in Meena: 11 Apr 1918, 01:33 Thu. Since then the Sun has moved 271.6° round the stars. Vikram Samvat numbers that year 1975; Shaka Samvat numbers it 1840.