Panchang in Diffa, Niger Sun 14 Jan 2018

The Sun enters Makara at 09:16, between sunrise (06:36) and sunset (18:01). The Dharmasindhu’s punya kala is the 40 ghatis after the ingress, so the bath and gifts fall that day: Sun 14 Jan.

Makar Sankranti: every date in Diffa

Shiva’s Pradosh puja is done in pradosha, the 3 muhurtas after sunset. Trayodashi runs from 19:22 on Sat 13 Jan to 22:01 on Sun 14 Jan, touching pradosha on both evenings. The Nirnayasindhu takes the evening it holds more of: Sun 14 Jan. No text giving Pradosh Vrat’s time was found; pradosha is Tithika’s convention.

Pradosh Vrat: every date in Diffa

Shiva’s worship centres on nishitha, the midnight muhurta. Chaturdashi began at 22:01 on Sun 14 Jan, before that night’s nishitha, and ended at 00:41 on Tue 16 Jan, partway into the next. The Nirnayasindhu takes the night Chaturdashi fills: Sun 14 Jan. No text giving Masik Shivratri’s time was found; nishitha is Tithika’s convention.

Masik Shivratri: every date in Diffa

The Moon gains on the Sun about 12° a day. Each 12° of lead is one tithi: 324°–336° is the 28th, Krishna Trayodashi. A day takes the tithi in force at its sunrise, 06:36 here. Dwadashi ended at 19:22 Sat, before it. Trayodashi ends at 22:01, when the lead reaches 336°. The lead passed 180° at the full moon of 2 Jan, so the Moon is waning: Krishna paksha.

The night of Sat 13 Jan ran from sunset 18:00 Sat to sunrise 06:36, 12 h 36 m. Cut into 15 muhurtas of 50 m, its 14th is Brahma Muhurta, the one before the last.

Daylight here, 06:36 to 18:01, splits into 8 choghadiyas of 1 h 25 m. Their names follow a fixed order that starts from the weekday, and each name is counted good, neutral or bad.

The night here, 18:01 to 06:36 Mon, splits into 8 choghadiyas of 1 h 34 m. Their names follow a fixed order that starts from the weekday, and each name is counted good, neutral or bad.

The fixed stars divide the Moon's path into 27 nakshatras of 13°20′, each in 4 padas of 3°20′. Jyeshtha spans 226°40′–240°00′; the Moon entered its pada 4 at 236°40′. It leaves at 08:44, for Mula.

Add the Sun's and the Moon's places among the stars: 269.9° + 238.9° = 508.8°, one full turn and 148.8°. Past the turn, cut into 27 parts of 13°20′, it gives the yoga: 146°40′–160°00′ is the 12th, Dhruva. It ends at 03:28 Mon, then Vyaghata.

A karana is half a tithi: 6° of the Moon's lead, so the first half of Trayodashi is Garaja and the second Vanija. Garaja runs until 08:41, when the lead reaches 330°; Vanija until 22:01.

A Hindu day runs from one sunrise to the next, not midnight to midnight. This one runs 06:36 to 06:36 Mon, so the hours after midnight still belong to Raviwara.

An amanta month runs from new moon to new moon and takes its name from the rashi the Sun is in at the new moon that begins it: Dhanu gives Pausha. The Sun enters Makara on 14 Jan, inside the month. The next new moon, 17 Jan, finds it in Makara and begins Magha.

A purnimanta month runs from full moon to full moon, so its waning half comes first. It shares its name with the amanta month that its second half falls in: the new moon of 17 Jan, with the Sun in Makara, begins Magha. Until then this Krishna paksha reads Magha here, and Pausha in the amanta count.

A samvat year begins with Chaitra, the month whose new moon finds the Sun in Meena: 28 Mar 2017, 03:57 Tue. Since then the Sun has moved 286.4° round the stars. Vikram Samvat numbers that year 2074; Shaka Samvat numbers it 1939.