Panchang in Diffa, Niger Sun 30 Sep 2012

The first shraddha of Pitru Paksha is done in aparahna, the fourth fifth of the day. Pratipada runs from 04:18 on Sun 30 Sep to 05:33 on Mon 1 Oct, so only Sunday’s aparahna (13:11–15:35) falls within it. No text giving Pitru Paksha begins’s time was found; aparahna is Tithika’s convention.

Pitru Paksha begins: every date in Diffa

The Moon gains on the Sun about 12° a day. Each 12° of lead is one tithi: 180°–192° is the 16th, Krishna Pratipada. A day takes the tithi in force at its sunrise, 05:58 here. Purnima ended at 04:18, before it. Pratipada ends at 05:33 Mon, when the lead reaches 192°. The lead passed 180° at the full moon of 30 Sep, so the Moon is waning: Krishna paksha.

A day takes the tithi in force at its sunrise.

New Delhi · IST

Sunrise here, 06:13, came before Purnima ended at 08:48: this day reads Purnima.

Diffa · UTC+1

Sunrise here, 05:58, came after Purnima ended at 04:18: this day reads Pratipada.

The night of Sat 29 Sep ran from sunset 18:00 Sat to sunrise 05:58, 11 h 58 m. Cut into 15 muhurtas of 47 m, its 14th is Brahma Muhurta, the one before the last.

Daylight here, 05:58 to 17:59, splits into 8 choghadiyas of 1 h 30 m. Their names follow a fixed order that starts from the weekday, and each name is counted good, neutral or bad.

The night here, 17:59 to 05:58 Mon, splits into 8 choghadiyas of 1 h 29 m. Their names follow a fixed order that starts from the weekday, and each name is counted good, neutral or bad.

The fixed stars divide the Moon's path into 27 nakshatras of 13°20′, each in 4 padas of 3°20′. Uttara Bhadrapada spans 333°20′–346°40′; the Moon entered its pada 4 at 343°20′. It leaves at 10:43, for Revati.

Add the Sun's and the Moon's places among the stars: 163.4° + 344.2° = 507.6°, one full turn and 147.6°. Past the turn, cut into 27 parts of 13°20′, it gives the yoga: 146°40′–160°00′ is the 12th, Dhruva. It ends at 04:13 Mon, then Vyaghata.

A karana is half a tithi: 6° of the Moon's lead, so the first half of Pratipada is Balava and the second Kaulava. Balava runs until 16:52, when the lead reaches 186°; Kaulava until 05:33 Mon.

A Hindu day runs from one sunrise to the next, not midnight to midnight. This one runs 05:58 to 05:58 Mon, so the hours after midnight still belong to Raviwara.

An amanta month runs from new moon to new moon and takes its name from the rashi the Sun is in at the new moon that begins it: Simha gives Bhadrapada. The Sun enters Kanya on 16 Sep, inside the month. The next new moon, 15 Oct, finds it in Kanya and begins Ashwina.

A purnimanta month runs from full moon to full moon, so its waning half comes first. It shares its name with the amanta month that its second half falls in: the new moon of 15 Oct, with the Sun in Kanya, begins Ashwina. Until then this Krishna paksha reads Ashwina here, and Bhadrapada in the amanta count.

A samvat year begins with Chaitra, the month whose new moon finds the Sun in Meena: 22 Mar 2012, 15:37 Thu. Since then the Sun has moved 185.1° round the stars. Vikram Samvat numbers that year 2069; Shaka Samvat numbers it 1934.