Panchang in Davinópolis, Maranhão, Brazil Mon 14 Jan 2019

The Sun enters Makara at 11:21, between sunrise (06:06) and sunset (18:30). The Dharmasindhu’s punya kala is the 40 ghatis after the ingress, so the bath and gifts fall that day: Mon 14 Jan.

Makar Sankranti: every date in Davinópolis

The Moon gains on the Sun about 12° a day. Each 12° of lead is one tithi: 84°–96° is the 8th, Shukla Ashtami. A day takes the tithi in force at its sunrise, 06:06 here. Saptami ended at 15:12 Sun, before it. Ashtami ends at 16:07, when the lead reaches 96°. The lead passed 0° at the new moon of 5 Jan, so the Moon is waxing: Shukla paksha.

The night of Sun 13 Jan ran from sunset 18:30 Sun to sunrise 06:06, 11 h 36 m. Cut into 15 muhurtas of 46 m, its 14th is Brahma Muhurta, the one before the last.

Daylight here, 06:06 to 18:30, splits into 8 choghadiyas of 1 h 33 m. Their names follow a fixed order that starts from the weekday, and each name is counted good, neutral or bad.

The night here, 18:30 to 06:06 Tue, splits into 8 choghadiyas of 1 h 27 m. Their names follow a fixed order that starts from the weekday, and each name is counted good, neutral or bad.

The fixed stars divide the Moon's path into 27 nakshatras of 13°20′, each in 4 padas of 3°20′. Ashwini spans 0°00′–13°20′; the Moon entered its pada 1 at 0°. It leaves at 05:25 Tue, for Bharani.

Add the Sun's and the Moon's places among the stars: 269.8° + 0.9° = 270.7°. The sum, cut into 27 parts of 13°20′, gives the yoga: 266°40′–280°00′ is the 21st, Siddha. It ends at 22:21, then Sadhya.

A karana is half a tithi: 6° of the Moon's lead, so the first half of Ashtami is Vishti and the second Bava. Vishti ended at 03:45, when the lead reached 90°; Bava runs until 16:07.

A Hindu day runs from one sunrise to the next, not midnight to midnight. This one runs 06:06 to 06:06 Tue, so the hours after midnight still belong to Somawara.

An amanta month runs from new moon to new moon and takes its name from the rashi the Sun is in at the new moon that begins it: Dhanu gives Pausha. The Sun enters Makara on 14 Jan, inside the month. The next new moon, 4 Feb, finds it in Makara and begins Magha.

A purnimanta month runs from full moon to full moon, so its waning half comes first. It shares its name with the amanta month that its second half falls in: the new moon of 5 Jan, with the Sun in Dhanu, began Pausha. This Shukla paksha reads Pausha in both counts.

A samvat year begins with Chaitra, the month whose new moon finds the Sun in Meena: 17 Mar 2018, 10:11 Sat. Since then the Sun has moved 297° round the stars. Vikram Samvat numbers that year 2075; Shaka Samvat numbers it 1940.