Panchang in Davinópolis, Maranhão, Brazil Fri 1 Jan 2016

The Moon gains on the Sun about 12° a day. Each 12° of lead is one tithi: 252°–264° is the 22nd, Krishna Saptami. A day takes the tithi in force at its sunrise, 05:59 here. Shashthi ended at 10:35 Thu, before it. Saptami ends at 13:08, when the lead reaches 264°. The lead passed 180° at the full moon of 25 Dec, so the Moon is waning: Krishna paksha.

The night of Thu 31 Dec ran from sunset 18:25 Thu to sunrise 05:59, 11 h 34 m. Cut into 15 muhurtas of 46 m, its 14th is Brahma Muhurta, the one before the last.

Daylight here, 05:59 to 18:26, splits into 8 choghadiyas of 1 h 33 m. Their names follow a fixed order that starts from the weekday, and each name is counted good, neutral or bad.

The night here, 18:26 to 06:00 Sat, splits into 8 choghadiyas of 1 h 26 m. Their names follow a fixed order that starts from the weekday, and each name is counted good, neutral or bad.

The fixed stars divide the Moon's path into 27 nakshatras of 13°20′, each in 4 padas of 3°20′. Uttara Phalguni spans 146°40′–160°00′; the Moon entered its pada 4 at 156°40′. It leaves at 11:57, for Hasta.

Add the Sun's and the Moon's places among the stars: 256.3° + 157.1° = 413.4°, one full turn and 53.4°. Past the turn, cut into 27 parts of 13°20′, it gives the yoga: 53°20′–66°40′ is the 5th, Shobhana. It ends at 06:55 Sat, then Atiganda.

A karana is half a tithi: 6° of the Moon's lead, so the first half of Saptami is Vishti and the second Bava. Vishti ended at 23:50 Thu, when the lead reached 258°; Bava runs until 13:08.

A Hindu day runs from one sunrise to the next, not midnight to midnight. This one runs 05:59 to 06:00 Sat, so the hours after midnight still belong to Shukrawara.

An amanta month runs from new moon to new moon and takes its name from the rashi the Sun is in at the new moon that begins it: Vrishchika gives Margashirsha. The Sun enters Dhanu on 16 Dec, inside the month. The next new moon, 9 Jan, finds it in Dhanu and begins Pausha.

A purnimanta month runs from full moon to full moon, so its waning half comes first. It shares its name with the amanta month that its second half falls in: the new moon of 9 Jan, with the Sun in Dhanu, begins Pausha. Until then this Krishna paksha reads Pausha here, and Margashirsha in the amanta count.

A samvat year begins with Chaitra, the month whose new moon finds the Sun in Meena: 20 Mar 2015, 06:36 Fri. Since then the Sun has moved 280.9° round the stars. Vikram Samvat numbers that year 2072; Shaka Samvat numbers it 1937.