Panchang in Davinópolis, Maranhão, Brazil Sat 1 Jan 1921

The Moon gains on the Sun about 12° a day. Each 12° of lead is one tithi: 264°–276° is the 23rd, Krishna Ashtami. A day takes the tithi in force at its sunrise, 06:00 here. Saptami ended at 13:47 Fri, before it. Ashtami ends at 13:32, when the lead reaches 276°. The lead passed 180° at the full moon of 25 Dec, so the Moon is waning: Krishna paksha.

The night of Fri 31 Dec ran from sunset 18:25 Fri to sunrise 06:00, 11 h 35 m. Cut into 15 muhurtas of 46 m, its 14th is Brahma Muhurta, the one before the last.

Daylight here, 06:00 to 18:26, splits into 8 choghadiyas of 1 h 33 m. Their names follow a fixed order that starts from the weekday, and each name is counted good, neutral or bad.

The night here, 18:26 to 06:00 Sun, splits into 8 choghadiyas of 1 h 26 m. Their names follow a fixed order that starts from the weekday, and each name is counted good, neutral or bad.

The fixed stars divide the Moon's path into 27 nakshatras of 13°20′, each in 4 padas of 3°20′. Hasta spans 160°00′–173°20′; the Moon entered its pada 3 at 166°40′. It leaves at 12:19, for Chitra.

Add the Sun's and the Moon's places among the stars: 257.7° + 169.9° = 427.6°, one full turn and 67.6°. Past the turn, cut into 27 parts of 13°20′, it gives the yoga: 66°40′–80°00′ is the 6th, Atiganda. It ends at 03:24 Sun, then Sukarma.

A karana is half a tithi: 6° of the Moon's lead, so the first half of Ashtami is Balava and the second Kaulava. Balava ended at 01:34, when the lead reached 270°; Kaulava runs until 13:32.

A Hindu day runs from one sunrise to the next, not midnight to midnight. This one runs 06:00 to 06:00 Sun, so the hours after midnight still belong to Shaniwara.

An amanta month runs from new moon to new moon and takes its name from the rashi the Sun is in at the new moon that begins it: Vrishchika gives Margashirsha. The Sun enters Dhanu on 14 Dec, inside the month. The next new moon, 9 Jan, finds it in Dhanu and begins Pausha.

A purnimanta month runs from full moon to full moon, so its waning half comes first. It shares its name with the amanta month that its second half falls in: the new moon of 9 Jan, with the Sun in Dhanu, begins Pausha. Until then this Krishna paksha reads Pausha here, and Margashirsha in the amanta count.

A samvat year begins with Chaitra, the month whose new moon finds the Sun in Meena: 20 Mar 1920, 07:55 Sat. Since then the Sun has moved 280.9° round the stars. Vikram Samvat numbers that year 1977; Shaka Samvat numbers it 1842.